The
24 spacecrafts launched in 1959:
..
Spacecraft
Entries
.
"Luna 1" / Cosmic Rocket
| Spacecraft: |
Ye-1 no. 4 (E-1 no. 4) ; the
spacecraft was called the "Cosmic Rocket" in the Soviet press and retroactively
named Luna 1 after 1963. |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #1 ; 1959-001A ; 32nd spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Lunar probe |
| Families: |
8th planetary
probe (4th Soviet) |
| Ransk |
25th civilian
spacecraft (8th Soviet) ; 8th Soviet
spacecraft (8th civilian satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
| Launch: |
2 January 1959 at 16h41 UTC,
from Baykonur Cosmodrome's LC-1, by an A-1/"Vostok" (8K72 B1-6). |
| Orbit: |
Heliocentric orbit. |
| Decayed: |
n/a |
| Mission: |
Launch to impact the Moon, this probe (which,
with its launch vehicle, was referred to as “Cosmic Rocket” in the Soviet
press) passed by the Moon at a distance of 6,400 kilometers about 34 hours
after launch, missing its main target. Its trajectory was less than accurate
due to a problem in the guidance system. It is the first human-made object
to reach escape velocity and became the first spacecraft to enter orbit
around the Sun. Before the flyby, the attached upper stage released one
kilogram of natrium at a distance of 113,000 kilometers from Earth (on
3 January 1959 at 0h57 UTC) and was photographed by astronomers on Earth.
Ground controllers lost contact with the Cosmic Rocket approximately 62
hours after launch. Spacecraft Mass: 361.3 kg (with upper stage). |
| Source: |
Jonathan
Space Report's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's 1959-012A
; TRW Space Log ; A. Siddiqi, SP-2002-4524,
p. 21-2 ; |
|
|
.
Discoverer 0 / CORONA
R&D / KH-1 prototype
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #2 ; 1959 1st loss ; 33rd spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Reconnaissance |
| Families: |
1st reconnaissance
satellite (1st American) ; 23rd failure. |
| Ranks: |
8th military
spacecraft (8th American) : 25th American
spacecraft (8th military satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
 |
| Launch: |
21 January 1959, from Vandenberg
Air Force Base's LC-75-3-4, by a Thor-Agena A (Thor 160 / Agena A). On
the pad, the vehicle suffered a catastrophic failure and that event had
been labeled “CORONA Zero”. |
| Orbit: |
n/a |
| Mission: |
On January 21, 1959, the first Discoverer
dummy craft sat on its Thor-Hustler rocket awaiting launch. The payload
at the top consisted primarily of test instruments, it bore little resemblance
to the intended payload of later Discoverer missions. The Thor was unfueled
but the Hustler was receiving its supply of nitric acid. The pad
workers were performing the final checkout of the rocket when an alarm
horn suddenly went off. Somehow, the Hustler’s internal timer had been
activated. The vehicle behaved as if the Thor had burned out after boosting
it high into the atmosphere. First, it fired the explosively activated
collar that held the two vehicles together so that they could separate.
Then it had fired its small solid-propellant ullage rockets used to push
the Hustler away from its spent booster and push the propellant in its
tanks to the rear so that the engine could fire. Fortunately, someone in
the blockhouse reacted quickly and immediately cut power to the rocket
and yanked the fuel back into its storage tanks. No one was injured. The
rocket sat there for a long time as everyone waited in horror to see it
might explode. Finally, the vehicle was secured and hauled back down to
the horizontal and everything was made safe. Although the launch attempt
had not been named beforehand, those who knew about it began calling it
“Discoverer Zero.” |
| Source: |
Jonathan
Space Report's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica's 21
Jan 59; TRW Space Log ; NRO's
Corona : JPL's
Corona : Space Review's 23
Mar 09 ; |
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|
.
Vanguard II
| Spacecraft: |
Vanguard 2E / Cloud cover satellite |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #3 ; 1959-002A ; 34th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Easth/space science |
| Families: |
14th science
satellite (12th American) ; 26th American
spacecraft (18th civilian satellite) |
| Ranks: |
26th civilian
spacecraft (18th American) : |
| Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
|
.
Discoverer 1 / CORONA
R&D / KH-1 prototype
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #4 ; 1959-003A ; 35th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Reconnaissance |
| Families: |
2nd reconnaissance
satellite (2nd American) |
| Ranks: |
9th military
spacecraft (9th American) : 27th American
spacecraft (9th military satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
U.S. DARPA |
|
|
| Launch: |
28 February 1959 at 21h49 UTC,
from Vandenberg Air Force Base's LC-75-3-4, by a Thor-Agena A (Thor 163
/ Agena A 1022). |
| Orbit: |
|
| Decayed: |
|
| Mission: |
First launch attempt of a Discoverer sateliite.
The craft, including its Agena upper stage, was 5.6 meters long and weighed
almost 3,265 kilograms. There was no reentry vehicle on this flight. The
Discoverer instrumentation consisted of an S-band radio beacon, a VHF continuous-wave
acquisition beacon, and a 15-channel FM telemetering system carrying a
total of 97 in-flight instruments, plus three silver peroxide-zinc batteries.
The launch proceed
normally until after second-stage rocket ignition. This engine was scheduled
to fire for 96.3 seconds. But at 8,5 minute, all contact with the vehicle
was lost. Based upon their initial calculations, Lockheed engineers determined
that the vehicle should have entered an orbit of 159 x 974 kilometers.
Frank Buzard, an Air Force officer in charge of the Discoverer launch program,
explained: “The Air Force announced that it was in orbit based on tracking
and telemetry data from Cooke Tracking Station, but it never showed up
at the Alaskan or any other tracking stations.” None of the tracking stations
ever picked up the signals. |
| Source: |
Jonathan
Space Report's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's 1959-002A
; TRW Space Log ; NRO's
Corona : JPL's
Corona : Space Review's 13
Apr 09 ; |
|
|
.
Pioneer 4
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #5 ; 1959-004A ; 36th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Lunar probe |
| Families: |
9th planetary
probe (5th American) |
| Ranks: |
27th civilian
spacecraft (19th American) : 28th American
spacecraft (19th civilian satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
NASA / AMBA |
|
|
| Launch: |
3 March 1959 at 5h11 UTC, from
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's LC-5, by a Juno II (RTV
11, AM-14). |
| Orbit: |
Heliocentric orbit. |
| Decayed: |
n/a |
| Mission: |
Pioneer 4 was the first U. S. spacecraft
to reach escape velocity, but it did not achieve its primary objective:
to photograph the Moon during a flyby, During the launch, the second stage
did not cut off on time and caused the trajectory to change. Consequently,
the probepassed by the Moon at a range of 59,545 kilometers – instead of
the planned 32,000 kilometers – not close enough for the imaging scanner
to function. The closest approach was on 4 March 1959 at 10h25 UTC. The
spacecraft’s tiny radio transmitted information for 82 hours before contact
was lost at a distance of 655,000 kilometers from Earth, the greatest tracking
distance for a human-made object to date. Pioneer 4 eventually entered
heliocentric orbit and became the first American spacecraft to do so. Scientists
received excellent data on radiation in space. The 6.1 kg craft was developed
by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched for NASA by the Army Ballistic
Missile Agency (ABMA). |
| Source: |
Jonathan
Space Report's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's 1959-013A
; TRW Space Log ; A. Siddiqi, SP-2002-4524,
p. 22 ; Origins
of NASA Names (NASA SP-4402) Chapter
3 p. 88-89 ; |
F |
|
.
Discoverer 2 / CORONA
R&D / KH-1 prototype
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #6 ; 1959-005A ; 37th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Reconnaissance |
| Families: |
3rd reconnaissance
satellite (3rd American) ; 24th failure. |
| Ranks: |
10th military
spacecraft (10th American) : 29th American
spacecraft (10th military satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
U.S. DARPA |
|
|
| Launch: |
13 April 1959 at 21h18 UTC, from
Vandenberg Air Force Base's LC-75-3-4, by a Thor Agena A (Thor 170 / Agena
A 1018). |
| Orbit: |
|
| Decayed: |
|
| Mission: |
KH-1 prototype; tested capsule recovery techniques
(did not carry camera). Capsule recovery failed.
The Discoverer
reentry vehicle — without any classified material aboard — had reportedly
come down on Spitzbergen Island in the Arctic Circle. Air Force officers
raced to the scene, but did not locate the craft and they suspected that
the Soviet Union might have retrieved it. This incident formed the basis
for the novel and later movie Ice Station Zebra. However, neither
the Soviet Union nor the later Russian government has ever confirmed that
they retrieved a capsule. More to the point, a key Air Force official involved
in the launch doubted that it was ever recovered. He noted that it was
highly unlikely that the vehicle could have come down and hit the only
bit of dry land amid millions of square kilometers of ocean. |
| Source: |
Jonathan
Space Report's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's 1959-003A
; TRW Space Log ; NRO's
Corona : JPL's
Corona : Space Review's 18
Jan 08 ; |
|
|
.
Vanguard (SLV 5)
| Spacecraft: |
Vanguard 3 / Air density satellite |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #7 ; 1959 2nd loss ; 38th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Easth/space science |
| Families: |
15th science
satellite (13th American) ; 25th failure. |
| Ranks: |
28th civilian
spacecraft (20th American) : 30th American
spacecraft (20th civilian satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
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.
Discoverer 3 / CORONA
R&D / KH-1 prototype
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #8 ; 1959 3rd loss ; 39th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Reconnaissance |
| Families: |
4th reconnaissance
satellite (4th American) ; 26th failure. |
| Ranks: |
11th military
spacecraft (11th American) : 31st American
spacecraft (11th military satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
|
|
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.
Luna
| Spacecraft: |
Ye-1A no. 5 (E-1A no. 5) |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #9 ; 1959 4th loss ; 40st spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Lunar probe |
| Families: |
10th planetary
probe (5th Soviet) ; |
| Ranks: |
29th civilian
spacecraft (9th Soviet) ; 9th Soviet
spacecraft (9th civilian satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) ;
27th failure. |
|
|
| Launch: |
18 June 1959 at 8h08 UTC, from
Baykonur Cosmodrome's LC-1, by an A-1/"Vostok" (8K72 I1-7). |
| Orbit: |
None. |
| Mission: |
The Soviet Ye-1A probe, like the Ye-1, was
designed for lunar impact. Engineers had incorporated some minor modifications
to the scientific instruments (a modified antenna housing for the magnetometer,
six instead of four gas-discharge counters and an improved piezoelectric
detector)as a result of information received from the first Cosmic
Rocket and Pioneer 4. Spacecraft Mass: ~390
kg (with upper stage).
The launch was originally
scheduled for 16 June but was postponed for two days as a result of the
negligence of a young lieutenant who inadvertently permitted fuelling of
the upper stage with the wrong propellant. During the actual launch, one
of the gyroscopes of the inertial guidance system failed at 153 seconds,
and the wayward booster was subsequently destroyed by command from the
ground. |
| Source: |
Jonathan
Space Report's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; TRW Space Log ; A. Siddiqi, SP-2002-4524,
p. 22 ; |
|
|
.
Vanguard (SLV-6)
| Spacecraft: |
Vanguard 3B / Radiation
Balance satellite |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #10 ; 1959 5th loss ; 41st spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Easth/space science |
| Families: |
16th science
satellite (14th American) ; 28th failure. |
| Ranks: |
30th civilian
spacecraft (21st American) : 32nd American
spacecraft (21st civilian satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
|
.
Discoverer 4 / CORONA
9001 / KH-1
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #11 ; 1959 6th loss ; 42nd spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Reconnaissance |
| Families: |
5th reconnaissance
satellite (5th American) ; 29th failure. |
| Ranks: |
12th military
spacecraft (12th American) : 33rd American
spacecraft (12th military satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
|
|
|
.
Explorer S-1
| Spacecraft: |
NASA S-1 |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #12 ; 1959 7th loss ; 43rd spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Easth/space science |
| Families: |
17th science
satellite (15th American) ; 30th failure. |
| Ranks: |
31st civilian
spacecraft (22nd American) : 34th American
spacecraft (22nd civilian satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
|
.
Explorer 6
| Spacecraft: |
NASA S-2 / Able 3 |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #13 ; 1959-006A ; 44th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Easth/space science |
| Families: |
18th science
satellite (16th American) |
| Ranks: |
32nd civilian
spacecraft (23rd American) : 35th American
spacecraft (23rd civilian satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
|
.
Discoverer 5 / CORONA
9002 / KH-1
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #14 ; 1959-007A ; 45th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Reconnaissance |
| Families: |
6th reconnaissance
satellite (6th American) ; 31st failure. |
| Ranks: |
13th military
spacecraft (13th American) : 36th American
spacecraft (13th military satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
|
|
|
.
Beacon 2
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #15 ; 1959 8th loss ; 46th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Easth/space science |
| Families: |
19th science
satellite (17th American) ; 32nd failure. |
| Ranks: |
33rd civilian
spacecraft (24th American) : 37th American
spacecraft (24th civilian satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
NASA/U.S. Navy |
|
|
|
.
Discoverer 6 / CORONA
9003 / KH-1
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #16 ; 1959-008A ; 47th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Reconnaissance |
| Families: |
7th reconnaissance
satellite (7th American) ; 33rd failure. |
| Ranks: |
14th military
spacecraft (14th American) : 38th American
spacecraft (14th military satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
|
|
|
.
"Luna 2" / Second Cosmic
Rocket
| Spacecraft: |
Ye-1A no. 7 (E-1A no. 6) ; the
spacecraft was called the "Second Cosmic Rocket" in the Soviet press and
retroactively named Luna 2 after 1963. |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #17 ; 1959-009A ; 48th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Lunar probe |
| Families: |
11th planetary
probe (6th Soviet) : 10th Soviet
spacecraft (10th civilian satellite) |
| Ranks: |
34th civilian
spacecraft (10th Soviet) ; |
| Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
| Launch: |
12 September 1959 at 6h40 UTC,
from Baykonur Cosmodrome's LC-1, by a A-1/"Vostok" (8K72 I1-7B). |
| Orbit: |
Ballistic trajectory, impact the Moon. |
| Moon impact: |
14 September 1959. |
| Mission: |
This sixth Luna attempt at lunar impact was
much more accurate than its predecessors. After an aborted launch on 9
September, the probe successfully lifted off and reached escape velocity
three days later. Officially named the “Second Soviet Cosmic Rocket,” the
spacecraft released its one kilogram of natrium on 12 September at a distance
of 156,000 kilometers from Earth in a cloud that expanded out to 650 kilometers
in diameter and was clearly visible from the ground. It then successfully
reached the surface of the Moon on 14 September 1959 at 23:02:23 UTC, thus
becoming the first object of human origin to make contact with another
celestial body. The probe’s impact point was approximately at 30° north
latitude and 0° longitude on the slope of the Autolycus crater, east
of Mare Serenitatis. It deposited Soviet emblems on the lunar surface carried
in 9 x 15-centimeter metallic spheres. The spacecraft’s magnetometer measured
no significant lunar magnetic field as close as 55 kilometers to the lunar
surface. The radiation detectors also found no hint of a radiation belt.
Spacecraft Mass: 390.2 kg (with upper stage). |
| Source: |
Jonathan
Space Report's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's 1959-014A
; TRW Space Log ; A. Siddiqi, SP-2002-4524,
p. 22 ; |
|
|
.
Transit 1A
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #18 ; 1959 9th loss ; 49th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Navigation |
| Families: |
1st navigation
satellite (1st American) ; 34th failure. |
| Ranks: |
15th military
spacecraft (15th American) : 39th American
spacecraft (15th military satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
U.S. Navy |
|
|
|
.
Vanguard III
| Spacecraft: |
Vanguard 3C / Magne-Ray satellite |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #19 ; 1959-010A ; 50th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Easth/space science |
| Families: |
20th science
satellite (18th American) |
| Ranks: |
35th civilian
spacecraft (25th American) : 40th American
spacecraft (25th civilian satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
 |
|
.
"Luna 3" / Automatic
Interplanetary Station
| Spacecraft: |
Ye-2A no. 1 (E-2A no. 1) ; the
spacecraft was called the Automatic Interplanetary Station (AMS) in the
Soviet press and retroactively named Luna 3 after 1963. |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #20 ; 1959-011A ; 51st spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Lunar probe |
| Families: |
12th planetary
probe (7th Soviet) ; 11th Soviet
spacecraft (11th civilian satellite) |
| Ranks: |
36th civilian
spacecraft (11th Soviet) : |
| Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
| Launch: |
4 October 1959 at 2h30 UTC (or
0h44 UT), from Baykonur Cosmodrome's LC-1, by a A-1/"Vostok" (8K72 I1-8). |
| Orbit: |
48,280 km x 468,300 km |
| Decayed: |
|
| Mission: |
Luna 3 returned the first views ever of the
far side of the Moon. It was the first Soviet probe designed to take pictures
of the Moon using the Yenisey-2 imaging system; its TV system consisted
of a 35-mm camera with two lenses of 200-mm (wide-angle) and 500-mm (high-resolution)
focal lengths and a capacity to read up to 40 images. Spacecraft Mass:
278. 5 kg
The launch vehicle
inserted the spacecraft into a highly elliptical orbit around the Earth
at 48,280 x 468,300 kilometers, sufficient to reach lunar distance. During
the coast to the Moon, the probe suffered overheating problems and poor
communications, but it passed over the Moon’s southern polar cap on 6 October
at a range of 7,900 kilometers before climbing up over the Earth-Moon plane.
The first image was taken on 7 October at 3h30 UTC at a distance of 65,200
kilometers, after Luna 3 had passed the Moon and looked back at the sunlit
far side. The last image was taken 40 minutes later from 66,700 kilometers.
Altogether, twenty-nine photographs were taken, covering 70 percent of
the far side. The exposed film was then developed, fixed, and dried automatically,
after which a special light beam of up to 1,000 lines per image scanned
the film for transmission to Earth. Images were finally received the next
day (after a few aborted attempts). The photographs were very noisy and
of low resolution, but many features could be recognized. Seventeen of
the images were of usable quality and showed parts of the Moon never before
seen by human eyes. These photographs showed that the far side of the Moon
was very different from the near side, most noticeably in its lack of lunar
maria (the dark areas), prompting scientists to revise their theories of
lunar evolution. |
| Source: |
Jonathan
Space Report's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's 1959-008A
; TRW Space Log ; A. Siddiqi, SP-2002-4524,
p. 23 ; |
|
|
.
Explorer 7
| Spacecraft: |
NASA S-1A |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #21 ; 1959-012A ; 52nd spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Easth/space science |
| Families: |
21st science
satellite (19th American) |
| Ranks: |
37th civilian
spacecraft (26th American) : 41st American
spacecraft (26th civilian satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
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|
.
Discoverer 7 / CORONA
9004 / KH-1
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #22 ; 1959-013A ; 53rd spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Reconnaissance |
| Families: |
8th reconnaissance
satellite (8th American) ; 35th failure. |
| Ranks: |
16th military
spacecraft (16th American) : 42nd American
spacecraft (16th military satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
|
|
|
.
Discoverer 8 / CORONA
9005 / KH-1
| Spacecraft: |
|
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #23 ; 1959-014A ; 54th spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Reconnaissance |
| Families: |
9th reconnaissance
satellite (9th American) ; 36th failure. |
| Ranks: |
17th military
spacecraft (17th American) : 43rd American
spacecraft (17th military satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
|
|
|
.
Pioneer P-3
| Spacecraft: |
Able IVB / P-3 |
| Chronologies: |
1959 payload #24 ; 1959 10th loss ; 55th
spacecraft. |
| Type: |
Lunar probe |
| Families: |
13th planetary
probe (6th American) ; 37th failure. |
| Ranks: |
38th civilian
spacecraft (27th American) : 44th American
spacecraft (27th civilian satellite) |
| Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
| Launch: |
26 November 1959 at 7h26 UTC,
from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's LC-14, by an Atlas-Able (no. 1,
Atlas D 20D / Able-5). |
| Orbit: |
None. |
| Mission: |
The first of four spacecrafts designed for
lunar orbital mission. During the launch, the nose fairing began to break
away just 45 seconds after liftoff. Aerodynamic forces then caused the
third stage and payload to break away and explode. The ground lost contact
with the tumbling booster at 104 seconds. Investigation showed that the
3-meter fiberglass shroud failed because there had been no measures to
compensate for pressure differentials as the rocket gained altitude. (Spacecraft
Mass: 169 kg.) |
| Notes: |
Designed by Space Technology Laboratories,
two of the four Pionner P/Able had originally been slated for Venus orbit
(in June 1959), but mission planners had redirected their missions after
the success of Luna 3. All the scientific experiments
and internal instrumentation were powered by nickel-cadmium batteries charged
from 1,100 solar cells on 4 paddles. Each probe also carried an internal
hydrazine monopro- pellant motor for lunar orbit insertion at a range of
8, 000 kilometers from the Moon. Ideal lunar orbital parameters were planned
as 6,400 x 4,800 kilometers. The missions also inaugurated the first use
of the Atlas +an upper stage combination, affording increased payload weight. |
| Source: |
Jonathan
Space Report's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's PIONX
; TRW Space Log ; A. Siddiqi, SP-2002-4524,
p. 23-4 ; |
|
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|
