The
175 spacecrafts launched in 1971 :
..
Spacecraft
Entries
.
Kosmos 390
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #1 ; 1971-001A ; 1469th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissnce |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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Kosmos 391
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-I No. 11 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #2 ; 1971-002A ; 1470th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Antimissile technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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.
Meteor 1-7
Spacecraft: |
Meteor-M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #3 ; 1971-003A ; 1471st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Meteorology |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
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.
Kosmos 392
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-2M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #4 ; 1971-004A ; 1472nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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.
Titan Samos 30 / KH-8
30 GAMBIT
Spacecraft: |
OPS 7776 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #5 ; 1971-005A ; 1473rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
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.
Intelsat 4A / Intelsat
IV F-2
Spacecraft: |
Intelsat IV F2 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #6 ; 1971-006A ; 1474th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications |
Sponsor: |
Intelsat |
|
|
Launch: |
26 January 1971 at 0h36 UTC,
from Cape Canaveral's LC-36A, by an Atlas-Centaur (Atlas SLV-3C AC-25 /
Centaur D-1A 5005C). |
Orbit: |
Initial geosynchronous orbit:
35,740.0 km x 36,410.4 km x 0.59° x 1,450
min.
Stationed over Atlantic at 25.5° West
longitude. |
Decayed: |
n/a |
Mission: |
Launched by NASA for ComSatCorp on behalf
of INTELSAT. Intelsat-IV F-2 was the first in the Intelsat IV series of
advanced communications satellite. As the largest commercial comsat
launched, it was 5.4 meters high with 2.4 meters diameter and weighed 1,397
kg at launch. It had 12 transponders, providing 12 TV channels and 3000-9000
telephone circuits, and was capable of multiple-access and simultaneous
transmissions. Expected lifetime was seven years, two years more than Intelsat
III comsats and over five years more than Intelsat I. |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 14 ; |
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|
.
Kosmos 393
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-Yu No. 34 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #7 ; 1971-007A ; 1475th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Military technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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|
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..
Apollo 14 Kitty Hawk
Spacecraft: |
Apollo CM-110 / Kitty Hawk |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #8 ; 1971-008A ; 1476th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Piloted spascecraft |
Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
Launch: |
31 January 1971 at 21h03 UTC,
from Cape Canaveral's LC-39A, by a Saturn V (SA-509). |
Orbit: |
Lunar mission |
Decayed: |
9 February 1971 |
Mission: |
Apollo 14 (AS-509), carrying Alan B. Shepard,
Jr. (commander), Stuart A. Roosa (CM pilot), and Edgar D. Mitchell (LM
pilot), was the 11th Apollo mission to date, 8th manned Apollo mission,
and 3rd successful lunar landing mission. Launch was 40 minutes and
3 seconds later than planned because of high overcast clouds and rain.
First midcourse correction modified trajectory so spacecraft arrival time
at Moon would be same as if launch had been on time. Then, first five docking
attempts between CM Kitty Hawk and LM Anteres were unsuccessful, this could
had prevent extraction of LM from the Saturn V’s S-IVB stage and make lunar
landing impossible. Sixth try however was successful. The spacecraft entered
lunar orbit 82 hr. 37 min. after launch on 4 February 1971 at 1h55 EST.
The crew then proceed to land on the Moon (see
below).
While LM was
on the Moon, Stuart Roosa, orbiting in CSM Kitty Hawk, completed bootstrap
photography of Descartes landing site and astronomic photography, including
Gegenschein experiment, and prepared for shortened rendezvous technique.
After LM Antares
return from the lunar surface and crew transfer, the CSM Kitty Hawk depart
the Monn on 6 February, after 66 hrs and 40 min and 34 revolutions, in
lunar orbit. It splashed down in mid-Pacific about 7 km from recovery
ship U.S.S. New Orleans on 9 February 1971 at 16hr 05 min EST. Astronauts,
wearing flight suits and masks, were carried by helicopter to recovery
ship, where they entered mobile quarantine facility with recovery physicians
and technician.
Apollo 14 was the
first Apollo mission to be crewed entirely by men who have never before
flown in earth orbit and commanded by a veteran whose total previous time
in space was 15 minutes. The mission was led by the oldest man to go into
space, Alan Shepard (47), the only astronaut to return to active duty after
a medically enforced period of idleness. It is the first Apollo launch
to be delayed because of weather. It is the first to run into a major problem
on its first day out. |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ;Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 25-30 & 35 ; |
|
|
.
Apollo 14 Antares
Spacecraft: |
LM 8 / Antares |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #9 ; 1971-008C ; 1477th spacecraft. |
Type: |
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Sponsor: |
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Launch: |
31 January 1971 at 21h03 UTC,
from Cape Canaveral's LC-39A, by a Saturn V (SA-509). |
Orbit: |
Landed on the Moon |
Decayed: |
6 February 1971 |
Mission: |
Apollo 14’s lunar module Antares landed at
Fra Mauro on 5 February 1971 at 4hr17 EST, on 8° slope, only 10-20
meters short of planned landing point. “We seem to be sitting in a bowl,
Mitchell said. It’s choppy, undulating.” The first EVA proceed. Shepard
stepped on lunar surface at 9:53 EST on 5 February. Mitchell stepped down
six minutes later. They collected 19.5-kg sample, deployed TV, S-band antenna,
American flag, and solar wind composition experiment; photographed lunar
surface, deployed ALSEP and laser-ranging retroreflector. Mitchell
conducted active seismic experiment, firing 13 thumper shots into lunar
surface. Eight of the 21 cartridges misfired, but the 13 fired sent vibrations
18-21 meter into moon. Crew reentered LM after 4 hrs 49 min.
After resting inside
LM, they left LM on 6 February at 3:11 am EST. They loaded MET (Mobile
Equipment Transporter) with photographic equipment and proceeded toward
Cone Crater. MET bounced slightly during traverse but appeared stable.
Astronauts’ main problem was lunar dust which stuck to their space suits
up to their knees. “We’re filthy as pigs,” Mitchell said. Geological features
were described and materials collected. Crew was unable to reach rim of
Cone Crater because slopes were steeper than expected and climb would have
required running behind time line. Just before reentering LM Shepard made
surprise: he dropped a golf ball on lunar surface and, on third attempt,
drove it about 366 meters. Astronauts reentered LM after 4 hrs 35 min,
bringing total EVA time to 9 hrs 24 min, with 43 kg of lunar sample.
Antares lifted-off
from the monn 33 hrs 31 min after landing. Docking with Kitty Hawk was
accomplished without any problem at 15:36, on February 6. The ascent
stage was jettisoned and intentionally crashed onto lunar surface at 19h05
EST on Febuary 6, at 3° 35' south latitude and 19° 40' west longitude.
Impact was recorded by Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 ALSEPs. |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ;Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 25-28 ; |
|
|
.
NATO 2
Spacecraft: |
NATO-B or Natosat 2 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #10 ; 1971-009A ; 1778th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications |
Sponsor: |
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
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|
Launch: |
3 February 1971 at 1h41 UTC,
from Cape Canaveral's LC-17A, by a Delta DSV-3L-11 (Thor Delta M 560 /
Delta 82). |
Orbit: |
34,493.6-km x 37,053.0-km x 0°
Geostationary orbit, station over Atlantic
at 26° west longitude |
Decayed: |
n/a |
Mission: |
NATO 2 was the second of two NATO comsats
launched under DOD-NATO agreement. USAF managed project for DOD and would
reimburse NASA for launch services. NATO would reimburse USAF. Initial
operation of satellite telemetry and command functions were performed from
USAF satellite control facility. Control of orbital operations would be
transferred to NATO after spacecraft reached station. |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 36-7 ; |
|
|
.
Kosmos 394
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-M No. 2 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #11 ; 1971-010A ; 1479th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Antisatellite technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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.
MS-T1 / Tansei 1
Spacecraft: |
Tansei, “Light Blue,” was named
for University of Tokyo colors. |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #12 ; 1971-011A ; 1480th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Technology |
Sponsor: |
Japan's ISAS (University of Tokyo’s Space
and Aeronautics Institute) |
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.
P-35-25 / DAPP 5A F-3
Spacecraft: |
(FTV-10) / DMSP Block 5A F3
Data Acquisition and Processing Program |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #13 ; 1971-012A ; 1481st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Meteorology |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
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Calsphere 3
Spacecraft: |
S70-3 Drag Sphere / NRL PL170A |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #14 ; 1971-012C ; 1482nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Radar Calibration |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
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.
Calsphere 4
Spacecraft: |
S70-3 Drag Sphere / NRL PL170B |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #15 ; 1971-012D ; 1483rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Radar calibration |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
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.
Calsphere 5
Spacecraft: |
S70-3 Drag Sphere / NRL PL170C |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #16 ; 1971-012E ; 1484th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Radar calibration |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
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.
Discoverer 136 / CORONA
1113 / KH-4B
Spacecraft: |
OPS 3297 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #17 ; 1971 1st loss ; 1485th
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
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Kosmos 395
Spacecraft: |
Tselina-O |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #18 ; 1971-013A ; 1486th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Electronic intelligence |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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.
Kosmos 396
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #19 ; 1971-014A ; 1487th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soivet Union's Defense ministry |
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.
Kosmos 397
Spacecraft: |
I2P |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #20 ; 1971-015A ; 1488th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Antisatellite technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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.
Kosmos 398
Spacecraft: |
T2K No. 2 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #21 ; 1971-016A ; 1489th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Piloted spacecraft test |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
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.
Kosmos 399
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #22 ; 1971-017A ; 1490th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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.
JQ / Chang Zheng 1 (Chinasat
2)
Spacecraft: |
(Shi Jian-1) |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #23 ; 1971-018A ; 1491st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Technology |
Sponsor: |
China |
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|
Launch: |
3 March 1971 at 12h04 UTC, from
Jiuquan LA-2A, by a Chang Zheng 1 (CZ-1). |
Orbit: |
266 km x 1,815 km x 69.9° x 105.9 min. |
Decayed: |
|
Mission: |
Second “Communist China satellite” launched
from Shuangch‘eng at 20:15 local time. The launch was unannounced, but
it was monitored by NORAD and was accidently observed by US Navy pilot
returning to carrier off Vietnam coast after mission over Southeast Asia.
China news agencies said satellite weighed 220.5 kgand was transmitting
scientific data. West Germany’s Bochum Observatory reported that
China’s second satellite had stopped transmitting signals on 23 March 1971.
Scientists did not know whether satellite had failed or had been turned
off. |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 61, 74 & 81 ; |
|
|
.
Kosmos
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-2M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #24 ; 1971 2nd loss ; 1492nd
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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|
.
Kosmos
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-Yu No. 39 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #25 ; 1971 3rd loss ; 1493rd
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Military technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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|
.
Explorer 43 / IMP 6
Spacecraft: |
IMP I (Interplanetary Monitoring
Platform) |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #26 ; 1971-019A ; 1494th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Space environment studies |
Sponsor: |
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center |
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|
Launch: |
13 March 1971 at 16h15 UTC, from
Cape Canaveral's LC-17A, by a Delta DSV-3M6 (Thor Delta M6 562 / Delta
83). |
Orbit: |
241 km x 206,049 km x 28.6° x 6,012-min.
(4 days 12 hrs 12 min) |
Decayed: |
|
Mission: |
IMP 6 primary objective was to investigate
during period [73] of decreasing solar activity and through several solar
rotations, the nature of the interplanetary medium and interplanetary-magnetospheric
interaction, including characteristic features of solar wind, interplanetary
fields and sector structure, and modulation effects on cosmic rays. It
was the first of series of second-generation spacecraft designed to study
solar-lunar-terrestrial relationships. It was eighth of 10 IMPS and, at
288 kg, was largest as well as most advanced spacecraft in Explorer series. |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 72-3 ; |
|
|
.
Kosmos 400
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-M No. 3 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #27 ; 1971-020A ; 1495th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Antisatellite technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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|
Launch: |
19 March 1971 at 21h45 UTC, from
Plesetsk Cosmodrome's LC-132/1, by a Kosmos C-1 (11K65M 65027-118). |
Orbit: |
983 km x 1,005 km x 65.8° x 104.9 min. |
Decayed: |
|
Mission: |
Kosmos 400 target satellite was hunted by
Kosmos 404, which “went through a series of maneuvers
under propulsion supplied by the giant SS-9 rocket,” reports the Washington
Post. “The Soviet Union has conducted such space marksmanship
tests before … But this time the test showed more sophistication … as the
hunter satellite stayed in phase with the target for a longer period of
time than on previous shots.” |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 78, 116 ; |
|
|
.
SDS 1 / Jumpseat 1
Spacecraft: |
OPS 4788 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #28 ; 1971-021A ; 1496th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Electronic intelligence |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
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|
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.
Discoverer 137 / CORONA
1114 / KH-4B
Spacecraft: |
OPS 5300 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #29 ; 1971-022A ; 1497th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
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.
Kosmos 401
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #30 ; 1971-023A ; 1498th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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.
ISIS 2
Spacecraft: |
ISIS B ; International Satellite
for Ionospheric Studies |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #31 ; 1971-024A ; 1499th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies |
Sponsor: |
Canadian Defence Research Board (DRB) &
NASA |
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|
Launch: |
1st April 1971 at 2h57 UTC, from
Vandenberg Air Force Base's SLC-2E, by a Delta DSV-3E1 (Thor Delta E1 491
/ Delta 84). |
Orbit: |
1,355 km X 1,423 km X 88.2° X 113.5 min. |
Decayed: |
|
Mission: |
ISIS 2 studIied the topside of ionosphere
above electron peak of F region and to extend cooperative Canadian-US.
program of ionospheric studies initiated by Alouette 1 (1962) by combining
sounder data with correlative direct measurements for time sufficient to
cover latitudinal and diurnal variations during high solar activity. Spacecraft
was operating satisfactorily. The Canadian-built satellite was eight-sided
spheroid that weighed 264 kg, was 127 cm in diameter with two sounder antennas,
and carried 12 ionospheric investigation experiments. ISIS 2 was fourth
in series of five satellites to improve understanding of ionospheric physics.
First launch in series (1965) had orbited Canada’s Alouette 2 and U.S.
Explorer 31. Isis 1 had been launched in 1969. ISIS program was joint undertaking
of NASA and Canadian Defence Research Board (DRB) under December 1963 Memorandum
of Understanding. DRB was responsible for spacecraft design, fabrication,
electrical testing, experiment integration, and satellite control. NASA
provided launch vehicle and launch facilities. |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 88 ; |
|
|
.
Kosmos 402
Spacecraft: |
US-A |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #32 ; 1971-025A ; 1500th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Ocean surveillance ("RORSAT") |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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|
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.
Kosmos 403
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-2M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #33 ; 1971-026A ; 1501st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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|
|
.
Kosmos 404
Spacecraft: |
I2P |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #34 ; 1971-027A ; 1502nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Antisatellite technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
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|
Launch: |
4 April 1971 at 14h24 UTC, from
Baykonur Cosmodrome's LC-90, by a F-1/Tsyklon 2. |
Orbit: |
817 km x 1,009 km X 65.7° X 103.1 min. |
Reentered: |
4 April 1971. |
Mission: |
Kosmos 400 target
satellite was hunted by Kosmos 404, which “went through a series of maneuvers
under propulsion supplied by the giant SS-9 rocket,” reports the Washington
Post. “The Soviet Union has conducted such space marksmanship
tests before … But this time the test showed more sophistication … as the
hunter satellite stayed in phase with the target for a longer period of
time than on previous shots.” |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 96, 116 ; |
|
|
.
Kosmos 405
Spacecraft: |
Tselina-D |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #35 ; 1971-028A ; 1503rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Electronic intelligence |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 406
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #36 ; 1971-029A ; 1504th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
D-2A Tournesol
Spacecraft: |
Tourmsol means sunflower in French |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #37 ; 1971-030A ; 1505th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth sciences |
Sponsor: |
France |
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|
|
.
Meteor 1-8
Spacecraft: |
Meteor-M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #38 ; 1971-031A ; 1506th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Meteorollgy |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
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|
|
.
Salyut 1
Spacecraft: |
DOS 1 / 17K No. 121 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #39 ; 1971-032A ; 1507th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Space station |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
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|
Internal layout of the Salyut-1 orbital station:
(1) Rendezvous system antennae, (2) Solar panels, (3) Radio-telemetry systems
antennae, (4) Portholes, (5) Orion stellar telescope, (6) Air regeneration
system, (7) Movie camera, (8) Photo camera, (9) Biological research equipment,
(10) Food refrigerator, (11) Attitude control jets, (12) Propellant tanks,
(13) Micrometeorite sensor, (14) Running track, (15) Working table, (16)
Central control post, (17) Pressurization system propellant tanks, (18)
Cosmonauts visor, (19) Soyuz spacecraft propulsion system.
|
.
Titan Samos 31 / KH-8
31 GAMBIT
Spacecraft: |
OPS 7899 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #40 ; 1971-033A ; 1508th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
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|
|
.
Soyuz 10
Spacecraft: |
Soyuz 7K-OKS s/n 31 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #41 ; 1971-034A ; 1509th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Piloted spacecraft |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
Launch: |
23 April 1971 at 23h54 UTC, from
Baykonur Cosmodrome's LC-1, by an A-2/Soyuz (11A511). |
Orbit: |
200 km x 224 km x 51.320 x 88.2 min. |
Recovered: |
25 April 1971 |
Mission: |
Soyuz I0, carrying Vladimir Shatalov, Aleksey
Yeliseyev and Nikolay Rukavishnikov, was launched at 4:54 local time April
23 (18:54 EST April 22). Tass said spacecraft would conduct joint experiments
with Salyut 1, make comprehensive check of onboard
systems, test manual and automatic control systems, check out spacecraft
orientation and stabilization in different flight conditions, and conduct
medical-biological research on influence of space flight factors on human
organism.
On 24 April, it
linked with Salyut 1 for 5½ hrs, undocked, and pulled away. Taped
pictures released later on Moscow TV showed Soyuz 10 moving away from Salyut
1 after docking experiment while commentator said: “The principles of rendezvous
and docking with the use of new equipment were tested and checked out in
the course of the joint experiment. A rigid mechanical link-up was achieved,
followed by undocking of the manned ship from the orbital station. After
the end of this experiment in maneuvering, both vehicles continued to fulfill
their program.”
After separation
Soyuz 10 circled Salyut 1 for about one hour, photographing and filming
it from various angles. Tass announced itreentered and landed at 4:40 Baykonur
time April 25 (18:40 EDT April 24) after “fulfilling the program of studies.
The studies carried out during this flight are a stage in the general program
of work with the orbital scientific station.”
At press conference
on 25 April, Aleksey Yeliseyev described Sulyut 1 as “overwhelming. It
was a little like a train entering a railroad terminal. That’s how we felt
as our rather big Soyuz eased up to the station. […] Then we separated
and circled the station, looking at it from all sides and shooting movie
film of it. It was an overwhelming sight: There was this structure in flight,
with a tremendous amount of apparatus and all sorts of antennas.”
Soviet comments
on its space station program had shifted in emphasis to possible future
docking experiments between Salyut satellites and manned spacecraft and
had “left open the question of whether … Soyuz 10 … succeeded in doing
all it set out to do,” [No word of the failed docking operation that
nearly cost the live of the crew.]
On 26 april 1971,
Thomas O’Toole said in Washington Post that: “The short and uneventful
flight of Soyuz 10 suggested … that the Soviet Union ran into technical
difficulties in its first attempt at establishing a manned workshop in
earth orbit, Just what the difficulties might have been is unclear, but
the landing of Soyuz 10 after only two days in space, the brief time Soyuz
spent docked with the Salute workshop and the apparent failure to transfer
crew members … all added up in American minds to a bungled mission.” |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 107-8, 109-10, 110 ; |
|
|
.
Kosmos 407
Spacecraft: |
Strela-2 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #42 ; 1971-035A ; 1510th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
San Marco 3
Spacecraft: |
San Marco C |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #43 ; 1971-036A ; 1511th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies |
Sponsor: |
Italy (Italian Space Commission (CRS) and
NASA) |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 408
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-Yu No. 37 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #44 ; 1971-037A ; 1512th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Military technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 409
Spacecraft: |
Sfera |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #45 ; 1971-038A ; 1513th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Geodesy |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
|
|
|
.
IMEWS 2 / DSP 3
Spacecraft: |
DSP F2 ; Integrated Missile Early
Warning Satellites |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #46 ; 1971-039A ; 1514th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Missile early warning |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 410
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-2M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #47 ; 1971-040A ; 1515th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Nauka
Spacecraft: |
[Nauka #5] |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #48 ; 1971-040C ; 1516th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Science & technology |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 411
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #49 ; 1971-041A ; 1517th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 412
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #50 ; 1971-041B ; 1518th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 413
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #51 ; 1971-041C ; 1519th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 414
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #52 ; 1971-041D ; 1520th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 415
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #53 ; 1971-041E ; 1521st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 416
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #54 ; 1971-041F ; 1522nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 417
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #55 ; 1971-041G ; 1523rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 418
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #56 ; 1971-041H ; 1524th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Mariner 8
Spacecraft: |
Mariner 71H / Mariner Mars '71
/ Mariner H |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #57 ; 1971 4th loss ; 1525th
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Mars probe |
Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
Launch: |
9 May 1971 at 1h11 UTC, from
Cape Canaveral LC-36A, by an Atlas-Centaur (Atlas SLV-3C AC-24 / Centaur
D-1A 5405C). |
Orbit: |
n/a |
Decayed: |
9 May 1971. |
Mission: |
Mariner 8 Mars probe failed to enter orbit
when Centaur stage of Atlas-Centaur booster malfunctioned after normal
countdown and liftoff. Anomalies began to appear with Centaur main engine
start. Centaur stage oscillated in pitch in diverging manner and subsequently
tumbled out of control, engines shut down from starvation caused by tumbling,
and Centaur and spacecraft separated and reentered Earth’s atmosphere approximately
1,500 km down range and 400 km north of Puerto Rico.
On 20 May 1971,
NASA held Hq. news conference on Mariner status. Dr. George M. Low, NASA
Deputy Administrator, reported on failure of May 8 Mariner-H launch. Review
by JPL, LeRC, and General Dynamics Convair Div. personnel had isolated
failure to integrated circuit in pitch channel of rate gyro preamplifier
in Centaur stage autopilot. When Atlas-Centaur ignited, “amplifier output
was … only 20 to 40 percent of what it should be.” Second anomaly had been
noted 25 sec. after main engines started; “engines did not gimbal all the
way to the stops… At 1.2 degrees they stopped and hung up. So the signal
for the first 20 or 25 seconds indicated that the engines oscillated with
increasing amplitude in response to autopilot signals but the signals were
at a lower gain than they should have been… With the engine then thrusting
at an angle, the vehicle wound up and started tumbling.” Amplifier had
functioned properly during checkout 40 min. before liftoff, “so sometime
between T-30 minutes and the Atlas sustainer engine shutdown ignition of
the Centaur stage, this component failed.” Investigators had assumed “that
we had in the circuit a failed diode or a diode with a loose connection
in it, that a voltage transient during powered flight … then got into the
integrated circuit and caused all of the other events.” To avoid repetition
of anomaly, NASA was “subjecting the autopilot cans to additional temperature
cycling and vibration tests” to ascertain they were operating within limits
“under some off-nominal conditions.” New test was being conducted on autopilots
for Mariner-I Atlas-Centaur 23 “to make sure that the diodes are indeed
there and properly functioning and properly protecting the integrated circuit
… before we fly again.” Failure of three Atlas-Centaurs in 15 flights had
led to appraisal of general quality of the vehicle,” Dr. Low said. Conclusion
“was that, if anything, quality has improved. There is no trend away from
improving quality…” |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 126-7, 136 ; |
|
|
.
Kosmos 419
Spacecraft: |
3MS No. 170 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #58 ; 1971-042A ; 1526th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Mars probe |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 420
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #59 ; 1971-043A ; 1527th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 421
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-Yu No. 48 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #60 ; 1971-044A ; 1528th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Military technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Mars 2 Orbiter
Spacecraft: |
4M No. 171 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #61 ; 1971-045A ; 1529th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Mars probe |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
Launch: |
19 May 1971 at 16h22 UTC, from
Baykonur Cosmodrome's LC-81P, by a D-1-e/Proton-K/D (8K82K 255-01 / 11S824). |
Orbit: |
Interplanetary Solar trajectory. |
Decayed: |
|
Mission: |
Primary objective of six-month, 470-million-km
Mars 2 mission, TASS said, was to conduct complex research of Mars and
its atmosphere and study characteristics of solar plasma, cosmic rays,
and radiation along Mars route. The probe was scheduled to reach Mars vicinity
in November 1971, when planet was 129 million km from Earth. Mars 2 was
said to weigh 4,650 kg, almost five times weight of 1,000-kg Mariner-1
scheduled for launch by NASA toward end of May. Size of Mars 2 had led
U.S. space experts to predict that it might attempt Mars orbit. |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 134 ; |
|
|
.
Mars 2 Lander
Spacecraft: |
PROP-M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #62 ; 1971-045[B] ; 1530th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Mars probe |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 422
Spacecraft: |
Tsiklon |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #63 ; 1971-046A ; 1531st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Navigation |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 423
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-Yu No. 47 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #64 ; 1971-047A ; 1532nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Military technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 424
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #65 ; 1971-048A ; 1533rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Mars 3 Orbiter
Spacecraft: |
4M No. 172 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #66 ; 1971-049A ; 1534th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Mars probe |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
Launch: |
28 May 1971 at 15h26 UTC, from
Baykonur Cosmodrome's LC-81L, by a D-1-e/Proton-K/D (8K82K 249-01 / 11S824). |
Orbit: |
heliocentric trajectory toward Mars. |
Decayed: |
|
Mission: |
Mars 3 probe supplemented Mars 2, launched
May 19. All instruments functioned normally. Each probe weighed 4,650
kg and had as prime mission objective complex research of Mars and its
atmosphere. Tass said that Mars 3 carried instrumentation for exploration
of Mars and neighboring space, for investigating solar radio emission in
onemeter wave band in experiment developed and manufactured by French specialists
in French-Soviet cooperative program, and for measuring characteristics
of solar plasma and cosmic rays. |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 147-8 ; |
|
|
.
Mars 3 Lander
Spacecraft: |
PROP-M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #67 ; 1971-049[B] ; 1535th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Mars probe |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 425
Spacecraft: |
Tselina-O |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #68 ; 1971-050A ; 1536th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Electronic intelligence |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Mariner 9
Spacecraft: |
Mariner 71J / Mariner Mars '71
/ Mariner-I |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #69 ; 1971-051A ; 1537th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Mars probe |
Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
Launch: |
30 May 1971 at 22h23 UTC, from
Cape Canaveral's LC-36B, by an Atlas-Centaur (Atlas SLV-3C AC-23 / Centaur
D-1A 5404C). |
Orbit: |
Initial: heliocentric trajectory toward Mars.
Mars orbit: |
Decayed: |
|
Mission: |
Mariner 9 was destined to become the first-ever
spacecraft to be placed in orbit around another planet. it would make detailed
study of Martian surface and atmosphere and map 70% of surface during planned
90-day orbit of planet. Mariner 9 weighed 1,000 kg at launch and carried
six scientific experiments: infrared radiometer to measure surface temperature;
a spectrometer to investigate composition and structure of atmosphere;
infrared interferometer spectrometer to measure surface and atmospheric
radiation; S-band occultation experiment to study pressure and structure
of atmosphere; TV cameras to transmit low and high-resolution photographs
of surface; and experiment to investigate Martian gravity field. Orbit
of spacecraft was designed to guarantee it would not hit Mars for at least
17 years, to avoid contamination of planet before studies on surface were
made by landing spacecraft. The spacecraft was boosted into 398-million-km
direct-ascent trajectory toward Mars. |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 148-50 ; |
|
|
.
Kosmos 426
Spacecraft: |
DS-U2-K No. 1 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #70 ; 1971-052A ; 1538th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth/space studies (civil) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
|
|
|
.
Soyuz 11
Spacecraft: |
Soyuz 7K-OKS s/n 32 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #71 ; 1971-053A ; 1539th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Piloted spacecraft |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
Launch: |
6 June 1971 at 4h55 UTC, from
Baykonur Cosmodrome's LC-1, by an A-2/Soyuz (11A511). |
Orbit: |
163 km x 237 km x 51.5° x 88.4
min.
Dockec wiht Salyut 1 during 23 days |
Recovered: |
30 June 1971. |
Mission: |
Soyuz 11, carrying Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav
Volkov and Viktor Patsayev, docked with Sdywt 1
on 7 June at 10:45 Moscow time. They were the first men ever to enter and
live onboard a space station. During 3 weeks, cosmonauts checked out systems
and conducted experiments. They preplanned program of work, rest, and two
hours of exercise per day and reported they were in good health. TV transmissions
showed crew performing duties in spacecraft. The crew completed
18th day in orbit June 24, surpassing 17-day 17-hr endurance record set
by Soyuz 9 in June 1970.
Experiments included
communications with ground via orbiting Molniya I comsat, astronomical
observations, medical experiments, observation of cyclone in Pacific near
Japan, and experiments with plants in hothouse on board. The crew reared
tadpoles into frogs and grew cabbages and onions.
On 29 June, cosmonauts
completed flight program and prepared for reentry. They transferred equipment
to Soyuz 11 and undocked from Salyut 1 at 21:28 Moscow time. Crew reported
successful undocking and said all systems were functioning normally.
At 1:35 Moscow time,
30 June, spacecraft’s braking engine was fired for prescheduled period.
At end of engine firing communication with Soyuz 11 crew ceased. Tass said:
“The flight of the descending apparatus ended in a smooth landing in the
pre-set area. Landing simultaneously with the ship, a helicopter-borne
recovery group, upon opening the hatch, found the crew … in their seats,
without any signs of life. The causes of the crew’s death are being investigated.” |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
And Aeronautics, 1971, p. 155-6 ; |
|
|
.
SESP 1
Spacecraft: |
P70-1 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #72 ; 1971-054A ; 1540th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Technology |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 427
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4MK |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #73 ; 1971-055A ; 1541th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Big Bird 1 / KH-9 1
HEXAGON
Spacecraft: |
OPS 7809 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #74 ; 1971-056A ; 1542nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 428
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-2M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #75 ; 1971-057A ; 1543rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defese ministry |
|
|
|
..
Nauka
Spacecraft: |
[Nauka #6] |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #76 ; 1971-057G ; 1544th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Science & technology |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #77 ; 1971 5th loss ; 1545th
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
LK (N-1 test)
Spacecraft: |
Soyuz 7K-LOK |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #78 ; 1971 6th loss ; 1546th
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Piloted spacecraft test (Lunar program) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
|
.
Explorer 44 / Solrad
10
Spacecraft: |
SE-C / Solar Explorer C |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #79 ; 1971-058A ; 1547th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Space environment studies |
Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
|
.
Meteor 1-9
Spacecraft: |
Meteor-M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #80 ; 1971-059A ; 1548th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Meteorology |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
|
|
|
.
Ferret 16
Spacecraft: |
OPS 8373 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #81 ; 1971-060A ; 1549th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Electronic intelligence |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 429
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #82 ; 1971-061A ; 1550th
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos
Spacecraft: |
Tselina-O |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #83 ; 1971 7th loss ; 1551st
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Electronic intelligence |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 430
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #84 ; 1971-062A ; 1552nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Apollo 15 Endeavour
Spacecraft: |
Apollo CM-112 / Endeavour |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #85 ; 1971-063A ; 1553rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Piloted spacecraft |
Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
|
.
Apollo 15 Falcon
Spacecraft: |
LM 10 Falcon / LM 10 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #86 ; 1971-063 ; 1554th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Piloted spacecraft |
Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
|
.
Lunar Rover
Spacecraft: |
LRV-1 : Lunar Roving Vehicle |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #87 ; n/a ; 1555th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Lunar jeep |
Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
|
.
Apollo 15 Subsatellite
Spacecraft: |
|
Numbers: |
1971 payload #88 ; 1971-063D ; 1556th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Lunar studies |
Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
|
.
Molniya 1-18
Spacecraft: |
Molniya 1T |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #89 ; 1971-064A ; 1557th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 431
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-2M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #90 ; 1971-065A ; 1558th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-Yu No. 33 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #91 ; 1971 8th loss ; 1559th
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Military technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 432
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #92 ; 1971-066A ; 1560th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
OV 1-20 / OV1-20P
Spacecraft: |
SESP 70-2A |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #93 ; 1971-067A ; 1561st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Science & technology |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
OV 1-21 / OV1-21P
Spacecraft: |
SESP 70-2B |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #94 ; 1971-067B ; 1562nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Science & technology |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Cannonball 2 /
LOADS 2
Spacecraft: |
SESP 70-2C / Low Altitude Density
Satellite OAR 901 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #95 ; 1971-067C ; 1563rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Musketball 1 / DTDS
Spacecraft: |
SESP 70-2D / l OAR 907 Radar
Tracked Density Satatellite |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #96 ; 1971-067D ; 1564th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
LCS 4
Spacecraft: |
|
Numbers: |
1971 payload #97 ; 1971-067E ; 1565th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Radar calibration |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
AVL-802 Mylar Sphere
Spacecraft: |
SESP 70-2G / AVL-802G Grid Sphere
Drag |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #98 ; 1971-067F ; 1566th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Gndsphere 1 / Grid Sphere
7-1
Spacecraft: |
SESP 70-2E / AVL-802E Grid Sphere
Drag |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #99 ; 1971-067G ; 1567th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Gndsphere 2 /
Grid Sphere 7-2
Spacecraft: |
SESP 70-2F / AVL-802F Grid Sphere
Drag / Grid Sphere 2 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #100 ; 1971-067H ; 1568th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
RDT 701 / Rigid Sphere
2
Spacecraft: |
SESP 70-2J / Lincoln Lab Callibration
Sphere |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #101 ; 1971-067J ; 1569th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Radar calibration |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 433
Spacecraft: |
OGCh |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #102 ; 1971-068A ; 1570th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Bombardment via space |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 434
Spacecraft: |
T2K No. 3 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #103 ; 1971-069A ; 1571st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Piloted spacecraft test (Lunar program) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
|
|
|
.
Titan Samos 32 / KH-8
32 GAMBIT
Spacecraft: |
OPS 8607 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #104 ; 1971-070A ; 1572nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
|
|
|
.
Eole
Spacecraft: |
EOLE 1 EOLE |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #105 ; 1971-071A ; 1573rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Meteorological data relay |
Sponsor: |
France's CNES |
|
|
Launch: |
12 August 1971 at 18h39 UTC,
from Wallops Island's LA-3, by a Scout B-1 (S180C). |
Orbit: |
|
Decayed: |
|
Mission: |
|
Notes: |
On 21 June 1964, it was reported that France
planned to launch a series of constant-level balloon weather stations in
the southern hemisphere and a satellite to “interrogate” them on their
findings. Named Project Eole, it was scheduled for 1967. Up to 256 balloons
were to be sent aloft, each carrying two kilograms of weather and communications
equipment, to remain at fixed altitudes between 5 and 10 kilometres for
at least ten days. The French satellite would interrogate each balloon
twice during a single pass overhead. |
Source: |
Jonathan
McDowell's Master
List ; Mark
Wade’s Encyclopedia Astronautica ; National
Space Science Data Center's ; TRW Space Log ; Astronautics
and Aeronautics, 1964, p. 218-9 ; |
|
|
.
Kosmos
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #106 ; 1971 9th loss ; 1574th
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 435
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-Yu No. 41 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #107 ; 1971-072A ; 1575th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Military technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Luna 18
Spacecraft: |
E-8-5 No. 407 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #108 ; 1971-073A ; 1576th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Lunar probe |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 436
Spacecraft: |
Tselina-O |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #109 ; 1971-074A ; 1577th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Electronic intelligence |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 437
Spacecraft: |
Tselina-O |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #110 ; 1971-075A ; 1578th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Electronic intelligence |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Discoverer 138 / CORONA
1115 / KH-4B
Spacecraft: |
OPS 5454 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #111 ; 1971-076A ; 1579th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
|
|
|
.
Hitchhiker 29
Spacecraft: |
OPS 768 / EHH B21 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #112 ; 1971-076B ; 1580th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Electronic intelligence |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 438
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4MK |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #113 ; 1971-077A ; 1581st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 439
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-2M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #114 ; 1971-078A ; 1582nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 440
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-I No. 10 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #115 ; 1971-079A ; 1583rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Antimissile technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
MS-F2 / Shinsei
Spacecraft: |
|
Numbers: |
1971 payload #116 ; 1971-080A ; 1584th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth-space studies |
Sponsor: |
Japan's ISAS |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 441
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #117 ; 1971-081A ; 1585th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Luna 19
Spacecraft: |
E-8LS No. 202 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #118 ; 1971-082A ; 1586th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Lunar probe |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union (Korolev's Design Bureau) |
|
|
|
.
OSO 7
Spacecraft: |
OSO H ; Orbiting Solar Observatory |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #119 ; 1971-083A ; 1587th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Solar observatory |
Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
|
.
TETR 3
Spacecraft: |
TETR D ; Test and Training Satellite
4 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #120 ; 1971-083B ; 1588th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Technology |
Sponsor: |
NASA |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 442
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #121 ; 1971-084A ; 1589th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 443
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-2M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #122 ; 1971-085A ; 1590th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Nauka
Spacecraft: |
[Nauka #7] |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #123 ; 1971-085F ; 1591st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Science & technology |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 444
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #124 ; 1971-086A ; 1592nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 445
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #125 ; 1971-086B ; 1593rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 446
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #126 ; 1971-086C ; 1594th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
#.
Kosmos 447
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #127 ; 1971-086D ; 1595th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 448
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #128 ; 1971-086E ; 1596th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 449
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #129 ; 1971-086F ; 1597th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 450
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #130 ; 1971-086G ; 1598th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 451
Spacecraft: |
Strela-1M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #131 ; 1971-086H ; 1599th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
DMSP 1
Spacecraft: |
DMSP 4527 (SV-2) / DMSP-Block-5B
F1
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #132 ; 1971-087A ; 1600th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Meteorology |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 452
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #133 ; 1971-088A ; 1601st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
SESP-ASTEX 1
Spacecraft: |
P71-2 / SESP 71-2 (Space Test
Program) |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #134 ; 1971-089A ; 1602nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Technology |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 453
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-Yu No. 44 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #135 ; 1971-090A ; 1603rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Military technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
ITOS B
Spacecraft: |
|
Numbers: |
1971 payload #136 ; 1971-091A ; 1604th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Meteorology |
Sponsor: |
NOAA |
|
|
|
.
Titan Samos 33 / KH-8
33 GAMBIT
Spacecraft: |
OPS 7616 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #137 ; 1971-092A ; 1605th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. National Reconnaissance Office |
|
|
|
.
Prospero / X-3
Spacecraft: |
|
Numbers: |
1971 payload #138 ; 1971-093A ; 1606th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Micrometeorids studies |
Sponsor: |
United Kingdom |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 454
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #139 ; 1971-094A ; 1607th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
DSCS 2-1 / DSCS II A-1
Spacecraft: |
OPS 9431 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #140 ; 1971-095A ; 1608th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
Source: A.
Parsch
|
|
.
DSCS 2-2 / DSCS II A-2
Spacecraft: |
OPS 9432 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #141 ; 1971-095B ; 1609th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
Source: A.
Parsch
|
|
.
STV 4
Spacecraft: |
|
Numbers: |
1971 payload #142 ; 1971 10th loss ; 1610th
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Technology's |
Sponsor: |
ELDO |
|
|
|
.
Explorer 45 / SSS 1
Spacecraft: |
SSS A / S-Cubed A |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #143 ; 1971-096A ; 1611th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies |
Sponsor: |
NASA/Italy |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 455
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-Yu No. 54 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #144 ; 1971-097A ; 1612th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Military technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 456
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #145 ; 1971-098A ; 1613th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 457
Spacecraft: |
Sfera |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #146 ; 1971-099A ; 1614th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Geodesy |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-I? |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #147 ; 1971 11th loss ; 1615th
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Antimissile technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Molniya 2-1
Spacecraft: |
Molniya 2A |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #148 ; 1971-100A ; 1616th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 458
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-Yu No. 53 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #149 ; 1971-101A ; 1617th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Military technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 459
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-M No. 5 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #150 ; 1971-102A ; 1618th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Antisatellite technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 460
Spacecraft: |
Tselina-O |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #151 ; 1971-103A ; 1619th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Electronic intelligence |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Interkosmos 5
Spacecraft: |
DS-U2-IK No. 2 / IK- 5 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #152 ; 1971-104A ; 1620th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies (civil) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union + East-european states |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 461
Spacecraft: |
DS-U2-MT No. 1 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #153 ; 1971-105A ; 1621st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth/space studies (civil) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-2M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #154 ; 1971 12th loss ; 1622nd
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Nauka
Spacecraft: |
[Nauka #8] |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #155 ; 1971 13th loss ; 1623rd
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Science & technology |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 462
Spacecraft: |
I2P |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #156 ; 1971-106A ; 1624th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Antisatellite technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
CANYON 4
Spacecraft: |
Program 827's AFP-827 F4 (7504) |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #157 ; 1971 14th loss ; 1625th
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Signals intelligence |
Sponsor: |
United States' NRO / National Reconnaissance
Office |
|
|
|
.
D-2A Polaire
Spacecraft: |
|
Numbers: |
1971 payload #158 ; 1971 15th loss ; 1626th
spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies |
Sponsor: |
France's CNES |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 463
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #159 ; 1971-107A ; 1627th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 464
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #160 ; 1971-108A ; 1628th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Ariel 4 / UK 4
Spacecraft: |
|
Numbers: |
1971 payload #161 ; 1971-109A ; 1629th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies |
Sponsor: |
United Kingdom |
|
|
|
.
NOSS / "White Cloud"
Spacecraft: |
OPS 7898 P/L 1 / NRL PL171 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #162 ; 1971-110A ; 1630th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Ocean surveillance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Navy |
|
|
|
.
Subsatellite
Spacecraft: |
OPS 7898 P/L 2 / NRL PL172 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #163 ; 1971-110B ; 1631st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Ocean surveillance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Navy |
|
|
|
.
Subsatellite
Spacecraft: |
OPS 7898 P/L 3 / NRL PL173 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #164 ; 1971-110C ; 1632th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Ocean surveillance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Navy |
|
|
|
.
Subsatellite
Spacecraft: |
OPS 7898 P/L 4 / NRL PL174 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #165 ; 1971-110D ; 1633rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Ocean surveillance |
Sponsor: |
U.S. Air Force |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 465
Spacecraft: |
Tsiklon |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #166 ; 1971-111A ; 1634th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Navigation |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 466
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4M |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #167 ; 1971-112A ; 1635th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 467
Spacecraft: |
DS-P1-Yu No. 45 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #168 ; 1971-113A ; 1636th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Military technologies |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 468
Spacecraft: |
Strela-2 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #169 ; 1971-114A ; 1637th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications (store/dump) |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Molniya 1-19
Spacecraft: |
Molniya 1U |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #170 ; 1971-115A ; 1638th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
|
|
|
.
Intelsat 4B
Spacecraft: |
Intelsat IV F3 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #171 ; 1971-116A ; 1639th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Communications |
Sponsor: |
Intelsat |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 469
Spacecraft: |
US-A |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #172 ; 1971-117A ; 1640th spacecraft. |
Type: |
Ocean surveillance ("RORSAT") |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Kosmos 470
Spacecraft: |
Zenit-4MT |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #173 ; 1971-118A ; 1641st spacecraft. |
Type: |
Reconnaissance |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union's Defense ministry |
|
|
|
.
Oreol 1 (Aureole 1)
Spacecraft: |
DS-U2-GKA No. 1 |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #174 ; 1971-119A ; 1642nd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Earth upper atmosphere studies |
Sponsor: |
France |
|
|
|
.
Meteor 1-10
Spacecraft: |
Meteor-MV |
Numbers: |
1971 payload #175 ; 1971-120A ; 1643rd spacecraft. |
Type: |
Meteorology |
Sponsor: |
Soviet Union |
|
|
|
|